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This thesis details the novel preparation methods and the improved properties of two-dimentional (2D) black phosphorene (BP) and the polymer nanocomposites. Various surface treatment methods are used, and through these designs, better mechanical, thermal and flame retardant properties are achieved for these functionalized materials, thus reducing the fire risk of the polymer composite system. Introduction Air Stable Polyphosphazene Functionalized Few-Layer Black Phosphorene for Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resins Electrochemically Exfoliated Functionalized Black Phosphorene and Its Polyurethane Acrylate Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Applications Strengthening of Black Phosphorus/Nanofibrillar Cellulose Composite Film with Nacre-Inspired Structure and Superior Fire Resistance Integrated Effect of the Triazine Based Covalent Organic Framework/-NH2 Functionalized Black Phosphorene on Reducing Fire Hazards of Epoxy Resin Composites Combination of Melamine Cyanurate and Black Phosphorus for Enhancing the Flame Retardant Properties of Epoxy Resin Composites Conclusions and Recommendations